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Objective To investigate the influence of sorafenib on the expressions of B7-H3 and B7-H4 proteins in different human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines,including HepG2,Hep3B,BEL-7402,BEL-7404,BEL-7405,QGY-7701,QGY-7703,SMMC-7721,MHCC97H,MHCC97L,HCCLM3 and HCCLM6.Methods Western blotting and MTT assay were used to check the influence of sorafenib on the expressions of B7-H3 and B7-H4 proteins in different human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and to test the inhibitory effect of sorafenib on different human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.Results Compared with normal human liver cells (HL-7702),the expressions of B7-H3 and B-H4 proteins in different human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines were significantly up-regulated (P＜0.01).The cytotoxic activity IC50 values of sorafenib to Hep3B,BEL-7404,MHCC97H,HCCLM3 and HCCLM6 were 14.56,9.14,9.46,17.21 and 9.29 μmol/L respectively.After treating Hep3B,BEL-7404,MHCC97H,HCCLM3 and HCCLM6 with sorafenib at the doses of 5,10 and 20 μmol/L separately,the expressions of B7-H3 and B7-H4 proteins were strikingly down-regulated when compared with the control group (P＜0.01).Conclusion The overexpressions of B7-H3 and B7-H4 proteins in different human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines are a common finding,which can influence tumor immune escape.It may be a new target for prevention and treatment of liver cancer in future.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between the expression of phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) and the clinical relevant parameters and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods By using tissue microarray technique and immunohistochemical method,the expressions of PLCβ1 in tumor and pericancerous tissues were tested in 141 HCC patients.The relationship between the expressions of PLCβ1 and the clinical and pathological characteristics was analyzed.Colony formation assay and apoptosis experiments were used to check the effect of PLCβ1 on proliferation of HCC cells.KaplanMeier analysis and Cox multivariate regression model analysis were adopted to analyze the prognosis of HCC patients.Results The expression level of PLCβ1 in tumor tissues was obviously higher than that in pericancerous tissues,which was closely related to the tumor staging.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the survival rate in HCC patients with high expression level of PLCβ1 was lower than that in HCC patients with low expression level of PLCβ1.Cox multivariate regression analysis revealed that high expression of PLCβ1 was an independent prognostic factor for HCC patients.Over expression of PLCβ1 in HCC cells could promote the proliferation of HCC cell and inhibit its apoptosis.Further investigation showed that activation of extracellular regulated protein kinase signaling pathway might be involved in PLCβ1-mediated HCC cell growth.Conclusion PLCβ1 can promote the progression of HCC,and the expression level of PLCβ1 can be regarded as an independent prognostic factor for HCC,and it is expected that PLCβ1 may become an ideal therapeutic target.
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Objective To evaluate the effect ofcytochrome P450 isoenzyme subfamily 2C19 (CYP2C19)gene polymorphism on the clopidogrel antiplatelet therapy in cirrhosis patients after receiving transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS).Methods The clinical data of 171 cirrhosis patients,who were treated with TIPS during the period from January 2013 to December 2014,were retrospectively analyzed.During operation both the portal vein and the elbow vein blood samples were collected and sent for CYP2C19 gene testing.After TIPS,clinical follow-up checkup was made once every 3 months.The gene detection results and clinical follow-up findings were comparatively analyzed.Results A total of 110 patients,who had not received blood transfusion before TIPS and who had regularly taken clopidogrel antiplatelet therapy after TIPS were enrolled in the study.The mean time to take clopidogrel was 192.4 days (31-517 days),and the gene detection results of portal vein and elbow vein were quite consistent.CYP2C19 genotype of *1/*1 was found in 49 patients (44.5％),CYP2C19 genotype of *1/*2 in 27 patients (24.6％),CYP2C19 genotype of *1/*3 in 18patients (16.4％),CYP2C19 genotype of *2/*2 in 11 patients (10.0％),CYP2C19 genotype of *2/*3 in 3patients (2.7％),and CYP2C 19 genotype of *3/*3 in 2 patients (1.8％).Following-up examinations showed that the incidence of shunt dysfunction in patients carrying slow metabolic gene was 87.5％ (14/16),which was significantly higher than that in patients carrying moderate metabolic gene (20.0％,9/45;x2=22.9,P=0.006)as well as in patients carrying fast metabolic gene (8.2％,4/49;x2=37.91,P=O.O00 1).Multivariate analysis of Cox regression model indicated that CYP2C19 slow metabolic gene variation was an important predictive factor for shunt dysfunction (95％CI:1.80-9.03,P=O.O00 7).Conclusion CYP2C19 slow metabolic gene variation,including genotype of *2/*2,*2/*3 and *3/*3,is an important factor that can influence the efficacy of clopidogrel treatment after TIPS.Preoperative CYP2C19 gene detection results can provide useful information,which is very helpful in making an effective and reliable anti-platelet treatment plan for patients after TIPS.
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Objective To discuss the prognostic value of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to neutrophils ratio index (ANRI) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after receiving transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).Methods The clinical data of 107 HCC patients,who were admitted to authors' hospital to receive treatment during the period from January 2008 to June 2011,were retrospectively analyzed.TACE was successfully performed in all patients.Based on the 5-year overall survival rate,ROC curve was drawn and the cutoff value was determined.Preoperative ANRI,AST-lymphocytes ratio index (ALRI),AST-platelet count ratio index (APRI),neutrophil-lymphocytes ratio index (NLR),platelet count-lymphocytes ratio index (PLR) and other clinical pathological parameters were calculated.Univariate analysis,multivariate Logisitc regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to assess the value of the above indexes in prejudging the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).Results ANRI bore a close relationship to the presence of HBsAg,AST,presence of cirrhosis,tumor size,portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) and recurrence of tumor (P＜0.05).Univariate analysis showed that ANRI,ALRI,APRI,NLR and PLR were significantly correlated with DFS and OS in HCC patients after receiving TACE (P＜0.05).Logisitc regression analysis revealed that ANRI was independent factor influencing DFS and OS (P＜0.05).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the prognosis after TACE was poor in patients whose preoperative ANRI ＞7.8.Conclusion Preoperative ANRI level is an independent and effective predictor for judging the prognosis of HCC patients.A high preoperative ANRI level usually suggests a poor prognosis after TACE.
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Objective To assess the validity and safety of arterial embolization with medical adhesive in treating peripheral artery pseudoaneurysms(PSA).Methods 25 cases of peripheral artery PSA embolized with Fuaile medical adhesive(FMA) were analyzed retrospectively.25 patients included 28 PSA.Super-selective transcatheter arterial embolization was performed in 19 patients (22 PSA) using 3F microcatheter and 6 PSA in 6 patients were embolized through puncturing directly.All the lesions were treated with mixtures of FMA and iodized oil (1：1) during the radiography.The clinical efficacy and complications were recorded.Results The success rate of embolization was 100% during the operation (28/28), and the average volume of FMA used was 1.8 mL(0.5-5.5 mL).One patient with PSA(d>2 cm) still have hematuria 2 days after the operation.The hematuria disappeared after embolization with micro-coil following re-angiography.Bleed stopped after the second embolization with FMA in one patient with brachial artery PSA.No one developed complications associated with therapy and occurred rebleeding in the follow-up period time (3 months).Conclusion The mixtures of FMA and iodized oil can be a useful alternative embolic agent for the treatment of peripheral artery pseudoaneurysm with high success rate, short operation time and definite clinical effect.
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Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of hemodialysis (HD) patients complicated with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) of lower extremity,and to discuss the factors that influence the curative prognosis of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).Methods The clinical data of 211 patients with ASO of lower extremity receiving HD or not receiving HD,who were admitted to authors' hospital during the period from January 2008 to October 2015,were retrospectively analyzed.PTA was successfully accomplished in all patients.Results The median follow-up time was 2.24 years.Theamputation-free survival of HD group was significantly lower than that of non-HD group (P＜0.000 1),and the postoperative artery patency rate of HD group was also obviously lower than that of non-HD group (P＜0.000 4).The factors influencing the survival rate without amputation of the two groups were different.The independent influence factor in HD group was diabetes mellitus,while in non-HD group the independent influence factors were Fontaine stage and hyperlipidemia.The infection mortality of HD group was 55.5％ (10/18),which was higher than 22.2％(6/26) of non-HD group,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion In treating ASO of lower extremity,the curative effect of PTA is poorer in HD patients than in non-HD patients,and the presence of diabetes mellitus may be an independent factor influencing prognosis.
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Objective To compare the technical success ,complication rates and comfort of the radiologic placement of central venous ports(CVP) via the internal jugular vein ,subclavian vein via subclavian region ,subclavian vein via supraclavicular region un‐der DSA guidance .Methods We retrospectively reviewed 188 CVP patients implanted at hospitals between December 2012 and De‐cember 2013 .The patients were divided into three groups according to the different catheter implantation sites ,internal jugular vein (group A) ,subclavian vein via subclavian region (group B) and subclavian vein via supraclavicular region (group C) .Intraoperative pain score ,technical success rates ,peri‐procedural ,as well as early and late complication rates were recorded based on the image fol‐low‐up and patient medical records .Results The technical success rate was 100 .0% without any lethal complications .The CVP re‐lated infections were occurred in each group with 1 patient ,but there was no statistics significant different(P>0 .05) .Subclavian vein thrombosis were occurred 2(2 .1% ,2/96) in group B ,which was recanalized after thrombolytic therapy ,and 1(1 .7% ,1/60) in group C ,which was completely occluded .The higher rate of catheter migration and kinking of catheter were occurred in group A and group C .The rate was statistically significant difference among the three groups (P0 .05) .Con‐clusion In DSA radiologic placement of a CVP via the subclavian vein via subclavian region is safe and efficient with more comfort‐able and lower complication rates ,which could be chosen priority .
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Objective To assess the clinical safety and effectiveness of transcatheter arterial embolization by using liquid medical glue ( FLA ) and super-selective catheterization technique in treating renal artery pseudoaneurysm. Methods During the period from Oct. 2009 to Jun. 2014, a total of 23 patients with angiography-proved renal pseudoaneurysm were treated with transcatheter arterial FLA embolization at authors’ hospital. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 28 pseudoaneurysms were detected in the 23 patients, which was caused by iatrogenic injury(18 cases, 21 lesions) or trauma(5 cases, 7 lesions). Super-selective catheterization with 3F micro-catheter was carried out. The micro-catheter was inserted into the parent artery of the pseudoaneurysm, which was followed by angiography. Once the pseudoaneurysm was confirmed by angiography, the mixture of FAL and iodized oil (1 ∶ 1) was injected into the pseudoaneurysm through the micro-catheter. The technical success rate, postoperative hematuria and renal function were determined. Results Successful embolization was achieved for all 28 pseudoaneurysms in 23 patients. The average volume of FAL used in embolization was 0.4 ml (0.2-1 ml). Ectopic embolization of the third-level vessel branches near the parent artery occurred in three cases , while no embolization of second-level vessel branch was observed. Persistent hematuria was seen in one patient even at two days after the treatment, whose pseudoaneurysm’s diameter was >2 cm, and embolization treatment with steel coil had to be performed, and bleeding stopped after the second treatment. During the follow-up period lasting for 3 months, no recurrence of hematuria was seen in the remaining patients. Mild elevation of serum creatinine after the treatment was observed in 4 patients. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that FAL together with the help of micro-catheter super-selective catheterization can effectively and reliably obstruct renal pseudoaneurysm with higher technical success rate and lower re-bleeding rate.
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Objective To observe the feasibility and security of the embolization with medical adhesive on renal artery in rab‐bits by animal experiments ,and explore the effectiveness of different concentration of embolic agents on the process and the effect of embolization for vascular ,and provide guidance for clinical application of medical adhesive .Methods A mixture of different ratios of lipiodol and medical adhesive were used to embolize the renal artery in 18 rabbits ,the usage and effects of embolization were ob‐served .Results Embolic agents were seen under the fluoroscopy ,easy to control and inject transcatheter ,also repeated injected by one micro‐catheter safety and effectively .Angiography review showed a reliable embolization ,no vascular recanalization and no spill‐over of contrast agent .Optical microscope ,after HE staining in postoperative pathological examination ,showed irregular shaped embolic agents or branch like refractive index of transparent material in the embolized artery .In 5∶1 group and 4∶1 group ,arteri‐ole and small artery were mainly embolized ,there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0 .05);Whereas medium sized artery was mainly embolized in 3∶1 group ,compared with the 5∶1 group and 4∶1 group ,the differences was statistically significant(P<0 .05) .After operation ,renal function was transient damage ,leukocyte was transient increasing ,one week later ,both of renal function and leukocyte were recovered ,and there was no significantly renal function anomaly .Conclusion It is feasible ,safe and effective for medical adhesive to embolize rabbits renal artery ,the different concentration of the embolic agents can embolize the different branches of rabbit renal artery .
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Objective To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of different anesthesia methods in performing percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The clinical data of 102 HCC patients, who were admitted to authors’ hospital during the period from January 2010 to October 2014 to receive percutaneous RFA, were retrospective analyzed. According to the anesthesia method used for RFA, the patients were divided into 3 groups. Group A: control of breathing and general intravenous anesthesia; group B: general intravenous anesthesia with spontaneous breathing; group C: local anesthesia with monitoring. The vital signs, perioperative adverse reactions and procedure-related complications were analyzed. Results The operation time of group A and B was longer than that of group C (P<0.02); the time of waking up after the operation in group A was longer than that in group B (P<0.03). During the performance of RFA the patient’s vital signs in group A and B were more stable than those in group C (P<0.01);during the performance of RFA the blood oxygen saturation in patients of both group A and B remained above 95%(from the placement of oxygen masks to the end of operation), although the blood oxygen saturation of group B was lower than that of group A (P<0.05), and the blood oxygen saturation of group C was lower than that of both group A and B (P<0.01). The incidences of adverse reactions such as involuntary limb activity, tears, need of anesthesia machine-assisted respiration, etc. in group A were significantly lower than those in group B and C (P<0.01). The postoperative complications such as subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax or need of thoracic drainage in group B and C were significantly higher than those in group A (P<0.05). Conclusion General intravenous anesthesia can reduce the operation time of RFA for HCC, which can create a safe and comfortable surgical environment for patients. The use of general intravenous anesthesia together with the control of breathing is the safest method with lower incidence of perioperative adverse reactions and procedure-related complications; it might be a relatively optimal anesthesia method for RFA of HCC.
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Objective To evaluate the curative effect,safety,and medium-term effect of intracranial artery stenosis stent (ICASS) for the treatment of the symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis.Methods ICASS was performed in 21 cases with the symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis.The stenting success rate,the improvement rate of stenosis post-stenting and the incidence of complications were observed.The change of the scores of the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS)and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)between pre-and post-stenting (1 month,3 months,6 months,12 months and 2 years)and the occurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular events after stenting were compared and analyzed respectively.Results Except one case failed because of intracranial hemorrhage during the operation,other 20 patients were treated with endovascular stent plasty successfully,the total technical achievement ratio was 95.2%.The aver-age stenosis ratio decreased from (73.4±7.9)% to (13.7±9.2)%.The complications incidence was 4.8% within the peroperative. 9 patients were reviewed with DSA in 6 months,the average ratio of stenosis was (29.5 ±12.2)%,no patient was found with the restenosis.Compared with pre-stenting,the score of MRS and NIHSS at the follow-up duration of 3 months,6 months,12 months and 2 years post-stenting of patients were significant improved (all P < 0.05 ).During the follow-up period,2 patients were found with new transient ischemia attack (TIA),1 patient had non-targeted vascular CI without other target vascular therapy-related com-plications.Univariate analysis indicated that patients with elderly (≥ 75 years old),or hypertension,or diabetes,or dyslipidemia,or in the set of events to endovascular treatment for longer than 1 month,or with more than two independent risk factors for patients with underlying diseases treatment,or without systemic therapy,whom would be much more easily to reoccur the cerebrovascular events in post-operation(all P <0.05 ).Conclusion ICASS should be an effective and safe therapeutic method to the symptomatic intracra-nial arterial stenosis.The medium-term efficacy is significant.Serious complications might still be emerge with endovascular stent plasty,so close attention must be paid with.
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Objective Through detecting the genotypes of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to investigate the correlation between the different VEGF genotypes and survival rate of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after receiving transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Methods A total of 156 patients with pathologically confirmed HCC, who were admitted to authors’ hospital during the period from January 2008 to January 2009 and received TACE within 2 months after the disease was confirmed by pathology, were included in this study. The genotypes of VEGF-2578C/A, -1154G/A, -634C/G, and-1498T/C were determined using a blood kit on a 384-well plat. The clinical data were collected, and the correlations between the genotypes and the patient’s prognosis were analyzed. Results In this study, a total of four genotypes were detected, including VEGF-2578C/A, VEGF-1154G/A, VEGF-634C/G and VEGF-1498T/C. The mean 5-year survival rate was 55.47%. Multivariate analysis revealed that only the tumor-node-metastasis(TNM) stage, metastasis, and the VEGF-2578 AA and VEGF-1154 AA genotypes were independent prognostic factors. HCC of TNM stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ would greatly increase the risk of death in HCC patients (HR=3.64, 95%CI=1.67-6.79; HR=2.91, 95%CI=1.30-6.27). Moreover, the death risk in patients with the VEGF-2578 AA and VEGF-1154 AA genotypes was much higher than that in patients with the wild-type genotype (HR=3.65, 95%CI=1.35-11.13; HR=7.13, 95%CI=1.46-65.8). Conclusion VEGF-2578C/A genotype and VEGF-1154G/A genotype are closely related to the prognosis of HCC patients after TACE treatment, which may be helpful for predicting the clinical outcome of HCC patients after interventional treatment.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) with covered stent in the treatment of portal hypertension in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 46 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension who received TIPS with stent treatment were retrospectively analyzed.After treatment,liver function,shunt patency,re-bleeding rate,hepatic encephalopathy,ascites,gastric intestinal symptoms, lifetime and causes of death were analyzed. Compare t test was performed for measurement data comparison among groups.The survival curves were used to analyse the cumulative stent shunt patency rate,the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy and the survival rate.Results After the operation,portal vein pressure significantly decreased compared with that before operation [(16.2 ± 4.6 )mmHg vs (28.3±5 .1)mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa],and the difference was statistically significant (t =21 .30, P 0.05].Cumulative stent shunt patency at 3,6,12,24,36 month after operation was 100.0%,95 .6%,93.5 %,91 .3% and 91 .3%,respectively.The cumulative incidence of hepatic encephalopathy was 6.5 %,8.7%,13.0%,17.4% and 26.1 %,respectively;cumulative survival rate was 95 .7%,82.6%,67.4%,43.5 % and 32.6%,respectively.In 10 cases of refractory ascites, ascites of all the patients reduced with different degree after operation and gastrointestinal uncomfortable symptoms were relieved.Conclusion In patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension,who have gastrointestinal bleeding or refractory ascites,treatment of TIPS with covered stents could effectively lower portal pressure,prevent re-bleeding and reduce the volume of ascites.
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Objective To investigate the curative effect of the preoperative intervention transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and preoperative intravenous systemic simple chemotherapy for gastric cancer.Methods Retrospective analysis of 55 patients diag-nosed with gastric cancer.These patients were divided into two groups:treatment group and control group (simple chemotherapy group),with treatment group of 35 cases and control group of 20 cases,and cases of two groups all received surgical radical surgery for gastric carcinoma treatment.Preoperative and postoperative clinical symptoms were observed.Data of tumor sizes and tumor vessel changes were analyzed and compared.The difference of curative effect between two groups was observed.Results Compared with control group,degeneration and necrosis of tumor cells in gastric cancer tissue of treatment group were obvious,and tumor ves-sels significantly reduced,with nonuniformed,and became thinner.Number of tumor vessels of treatment group was obviously low-er than that of control group (P <0.05).Conclusion The interventional therapy of gastric cancer has obvious short-term therapeutic effects,and can reduce tumor vessels effectively and improve surgical resection rate.
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Objective To investigate the efficiency of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) with Fluency stent in improving the hepatic and renal function and survival rate in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.Methods The decompensated cirrhosis patients who were treated in our hospital from May 2008 to September 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.One group of patients (n =48) undergoing TIPS was randomly selected as treatment group,while another group of patients (n =48) treated by medicine and therapeutic endoscope was randomly chosen as control group.Clinical data and fellow-up data were retrospectively reviewed.There was no significant deviation in baseline characteristics (age,gender composition,etiology,renal function,hepatic function et al) among all the patients before the operations; The laboratory results of hepatic and renal function in 2 groups before and after operation (1 week,20 days,3 months,6 months,1 year,2 years,3 years) were recorded and compared with independent samples t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test.The survival rates of two groups in 3 years were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curve and compared with Chi-square test.Results Three years after the operation,there were significant differences between the treatment group and the control group in AST(70.8 vs.108.7 U/L,Z =-2.958,P ＜ 0.05) and TBIL (51.2 vs.76.2 μmol/L,Z =-2.004,P ＜ 0.05).The Cr value of the 3rd year after the treatment were (9928.2 ± 2363.8) in the the control group and (7742.1 ± 2845.6) μmol/L in the treatment group(t =-2.074,P ＜ 0.05).BUN of the 1st,2nd and 3rd years after the treatment were (2.0 ± 1.1),(2.3 ± 1.5),(2.5 ± 1.3) mmol/L in the treatment group,while it was (2.6 ± 1.1),(3.8 ±1.2),(5.4 ± 1.1)mmol/L in the control group.There was significant difference between the 2 groups (t =-2.222,-3.940 and-6.110,P ＜ 0.05).Comparing the survival rate in the 2 groups with Kaplan-Meier survival curve,the 3 year survival rate in the treatment group was 46.2％,while in the control group it was only 30.0％ (x2 =6.341,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Compared with medicine therapy and therapeutic endoscopy,TIPS with Fluency stent may improve the hepatic function,renal function and survival rate in liver cirrhosis patients.It is a safe and effective therapy choice for patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
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Objective To investigate the manifestations of MR imaging and histopathology of early postoperative normal brain, and to define the correlation between MRI and histopathology. Methods Thirty six New Zealand rabbits weighing 2.0 to 3.0 kg were divided into 10 groups according to the different postoperative days: 1 to 10 day. Six animals were in groups 3, 5, 7, 10, and 2 were in the other groups. A partial resection of the parietooccipital region was performed under the usual aseptic conditions after the animals were anesthetized intravenously with 3% pentobarbital (30 mg/kg). MR imaging procedures consisted of pre and postcontrast scanning were carried out on postoperative 1 to 10 day respectively. Brain tissue samples were obtained to be prepared for examinations immediately after MR scanning. Histopathological study was made under microscope and electron microscope. The findings of MRI were compared with pathology findings. Results (1) Surgical margin contrast enhancement on MR images could be seen 24 hours after surgery. (2) The degree of contrast enhancement increased gradually before 5 days postoperatively, and no remarkable changes were present from 5 to 10 days. (3) The disruption of blood brain barrier(BBB) is the main cause of contrast enhancement during the postoperative 3 days. After that period, mechanism responsible for contrast enhancement is the formation of neovascularity and broken BBB, an increase in the number of neovascularity play a predominant role in the contrast enhancement in normal postoperative brain tissue. Conclusion The characteristics of enhanced MRI present at the surgical margin followed a typical time course during the early postoperative period. The role of neovascularity and BBB disruption in the formation of contrast enhancement at surgical margin vary with time. Knowledge of the characteristics on postoperative MR images of the normal brain can help in differentiating benign changes from malignant gliomas residual.